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The Previous Participle

In this Spanish lesson we will find out the Past Participle and its different uses.  Although this lesson is in fact briefer than past lessons, the Past Participle is quite essential if you want to find out how to speak Spanish.  Its formation is really straightforward.  As in English, the Previous Participle in Spanish  is a central element in most topics of discussion.

In basic, the Past Participle is very best understood as obtaining 4 distinct makes use of that include  previous and present actions, and adjectives.  Even though this variety in usage appears broad, understanding each and every certain use can be discovered and applied rather very easily with practice.

The Previous Participle is rather basic to type.  For -ar verbs, an -ado is added to the verb's stem.

For example:

The stem of the verb hablar (to speak) is habl.  With this in thoughts, an -ado is added to habl to type the Previous Participle for hablar:  hablado.

The formation of the Past Participle for -er and -ir verbs parallel this pattern.  Nonetheless, an -ido is added to the er or ir verb's stem.

For example:

In the case of the verb beber (to drink), its stem is beb.  An -ido is then added to beb to type its Previous Participle: bebido.

Similarly, to type the Past Participle for salir (to go out) an -ido is added to its stem, sal.  Its Previous Participle is: salido.

With the Past Participle's simple format in mind, what follows are examples of it for each typical and irregular verbs:

Examples of the Normal Previous Participle:

Infinitive                                                Previous Participle

estar (to be)                                         estado

bailar (to dance)                                  bailado

cenar (to eat supper)                            cenado

almorzar (to consume lunch)             almorzado

desayunar (to eat breakfast)                 desayunado

limpiar (to clean)                                 limpiado

dar (to give)                                         dado

llorar  (to cry)                                      llorado

lloviznar (to drizzle)                             lloviznado

tener (to have)                                      tenido

creer (to believe)                                  creido

leer (to study)                                        leido

querer (to want, to really like)                       querido

partir (to leave)                                    partido

ir (to go)                                              ido

vivir (to live)                                        vivido

dormir (to sleep)                                  dormido

Examples of the Irregular Past Participle:

Infinitive                                                Previous Participle

poner (to put)                                       puesto

ver (to see)                                          visto

volver (to return)                                  vuelto

resolver (to resolve)                             resuelto

escribir (to write)                                 escrito

abrir (to open)                                     abierto

hacer (to make)                                   hecho

satisfacer (to satisfy)                            satisfecho

morir (to die)                                       muerto

decir (to say)                                        dicho

cubrir (to cover)                                  cubierto

The four principal uses of the Past Participle are as follows:

1.         The Previous Participle is typically utilised in compound tenses with the auxiliary verb haber (to have).   We have observed this use in the Lesson on  the Present Excellent Tense.  In the Present Ideal Tense the previous participle  of the sentence's main verb is added to haber to express a previous action that has not entirely elapsed.

Let's briefly assessment this use:

Juana ha estado en su cuarto todo el da.

(Juana has been in her room all day)

He querido ir a California.

(I have wanted to go to California.)

Mario ha vivido en Bogot.

(Mario has lived in Bogot.)

2.         The Past Participle is utilised for the passive voice and generally follows the verbs ser or estar (to be).  When the Past Participle reflects the passive voice, it have to agree with the subject's gender and number.

For example:

El pap de Diego est herido.

(Diego's father is hurt.)

La hermana de Rogelio est cansada.

(Rogelio's sister is tired.)

three.         At times, the verbs llevar and tener are utilised alternatively of the verb haber in compound tenses (as in the Present Best Tense).  When this occurs, the Past Participle have to agree with the attribute's gender and number.  Even though this use could look awkward, believe of it as forming an alternative expression for indefinite previous actions.

For instance:

Tengo hecha la comida.

(I have created the meals.)

Juan lleva pagada la cuenta.

(Juan has paid the check.)

4.         The Previous Participle can also be utilized as an adjective.  Hold in thoughts that for this use, the Past Participle acts as an adjective and should agree in gender and number with the noun.

For example:

Un vestido hecho a mano

(A dress created by hand)

Un hombre educado

(An educated man)

Un beb mimado

(A spoiled child)

Now lets attempt a couple of exercises.  Translate the following into Spanish.  The answers comply with the workout.

1.         An opened door

two.         A cleaned room

three.         We have spoken.

four.         Juan has cooked.

5.         A cooked chicken

6.         Roberta's brother is tired.

7.         Juana's mother is educated.

eight.         Marcos has created the dessert.

9.         She has opened the door.

10.       Have you observed Milagros?

1.         Una puerta abierta

two.         Un cuarto limpiado

3.         Hemos hablado.

four.         Juan ha cocinado.

5.         Un pollo cocinado

six.         El hermano de Roberta est cansado.

7.         La madre de Juana es educada.

eight.         Marcos tiene hecho el postre.

9.         Ella ha abierto la puerta.

ten.       Has visto a Milagros? [http://ruff.com.br/empresa/codigo-de-etica-da-ruff guide to postura ética]